As a result, crystal oscillators exhibit a high Q-factor with excellent frequency stability, making them most suitable for high-frequency applications.
#Crystal circuit racer series#
The frequency of oscillations generated by the circuit is decided by the series resonant frequency of the crystal and will be unaffected by the variations in supply voltage, transistor parameters, etc. The typical operating range of the crystal oscillators is from 40 KHz to 100 MHz wherein the low frequency oscillators are designed using OpAmps while the high frequency-ones are designed using the transistors ( BJTs or FETs). On supplying the power to the oscillator, the amplitude of the oscillations in the circuit increases until a point is reached wherein the nonlinearities in the amplifier reduce the loop gain to unity.Īn example of this is the case where the parallel resonance frequency of the crystal is decreased or increased by adding a capacitor or an inductor across the crystal, respectively. In addition, there is also a Radio Frequency Coil (RFC) in the circuits (both in Figure 2a and 2b) which offers dual advantage as it provides even the DC bias as well as frees the circuit-output from being affected by the AC signal on the power lines. Next, the capacitors C 1 and C 2 form the capacitive voltage divider network in the case of Figure 2b. Further, C E (Figure 2a) acts as an AC bypass capacitor while the coupling capacitor C C (Figure 2a) is used to block DC signal propagation between the collector and the base terminals. In the circuits shown, the resistors R 1 and R 2 form the voltage divider network while the emitter resistor R E stabilizes the circuit. Moreover it is to be noted that f p will be higher than f s and the closeness between the two will be decided by the cut and the dimensions of the crystal in-use.Ĭrystal oscillators can be designed by connecting the crystal into the circuit such that it offers low impedance when operated in series-resonant mode (Figure 2a) and high impedance when operated in anti-resonant or parallel resonant mode (Figure 2b). Hence, a crystal can be viewed as a combination of series and parallel tuned resonance circuits due to which one needs to tune the circuit for any one among these two. Further when the frequency becomes equal to parallel resonant frequency f p, then the interaction between L S and C p would form a parallel tuned LC tank circuit. However for the frequencies which lie in-between f S and above f p, the crystal’s behavior will be inductive. The behaviour of the capacitor will be capacitive both below f S and above f p. At this instant, the crystal impedance will be the highest and thus the feedback will be the least. Parallel Resonant frequency, f p which is exhibited when the reactance of the L SC S leg equals the reactance of the parallel capacitor C p i.e.Mathematical expression for the same is given as At this stage, the crystal impedance will be the least and hence the amount of feedback will be the largest. Series Resonant Frequency, f s which occurs when the series capacitance C S resonates with the series inductance L S.Which will be in parallel with the capacitance of its electrodes C p.ĭue to the presence of C p, the crystal will resonate at two different frequencies viz., In reality, the crystal behaves like a series RLC circuit, formed by the components
Special thanks to Aqua, Golden, and Goulart.In crystal oscillators, the crystal is suitably cut and mounted between two metallic plates as shown by Figure 1a whose electrical equivalent is shown by Figure 1b. If you've been banned or delisted, check here.įor other purposes, use the "Talk to the Staff" section on the SRB2 Message Board. Respect the artists in our community by keeping such files to yourself. No hosting unauthorized ports or edits of released content Harassment includes but is not limited to:Ħ.
#Crystal circuit racer download#
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